What is 3D seismic technology?
The technology employs acoustics imaging but rather than one source of vibration, 3D seismic imaging involves creating a perimeter where multiple acoustic receivers, rather than microphones, are established. These areas for the receivers are known as patches.
What is time slice in seismic?
1. n. [Geophysics] A horizontal display or map view of 3D seismic data having a certain arrival time, as opposed to a horizon slice that shows a particular reflection. A time slice is a quick, convenient way to evaluate changes in amplitude of seismic data.
When was 3D seismic invented?
The first commercial 3D survey was recorded in 1975 in the North Sea and was interpreted in the same year. 3D seismic data quickly evolved from a research idea to cost-effective methods that have substantially boosted the efficiency of finding and recovering hydrocarbons.
How does 3D seismic work?
In three-dimensional (3D) reflection seismic surveying the sound detectors (numbering up to a thousand or more) are spread out over an area and the sound source is moved from location to location through the area. 3D seismic programs are generally a uniform and evenly spaced grid of lines.
What is seismic imaging technology?
Seismic imaging directs an intense sound source into the ground to evaluate subsurface conditions and to possibly detect high concentrations of contamination. Data processing turns these signals into images of the geologic structure. This technology is similar in principle to active electromagnetic survey technology.
What is a horizon slice?
1. n. [Geophysics] A map view of a particular reflection in a 3D seismic survey, as opposed to a horizontal (depth) slice or at a given time (a time slice). Slices are convenient displays for visual inspection of seismic attributes, especially amplitude.
When was seismic reflection invented?
1921
But there’s no doubt that, although the first discovery with seismic did not happen until several years later, 1921 was the year that the seismic reflection method was invented. Ryan, Karcher and Haseman in the field, August 1921.
What is 3D seismic data acquisition?
PetroWiki. The imaging deficiencies of 2D seismic profiling were remedied by the implementation of 3D seismic data acquisition, which allows data processing to migrate reflections to their correct image coordinates in 3D space.
How does seismic equipment work?
As the name suggests, seismic surveys use surface-induced seismic pulses to image subsurface formations. Basically, a seismic wave is generated underneath the earth’s surface, and then picked up by sensors called “geophones” as the waves bounce off subsurface formations — that is, layers of rock beneath the surface.
What are the three important thing in doing the seismic imagery or geophysical imagery?
Five types of seismic imaging methods and their resolution properties will be discussed (there are many seismic inversion methods, but the five types discussed here are often used in the geophysical community): migration (modest resolution of reflectivity), least squares migration (high resolution of reflectivity).
What is seismic imaging used for?
Seismic imagery is a tool used to characterize subsurface geology. It may be useful in helping to identify dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). High resolution, three-dimensional seismic reflection imaging has been used in exploration for oil and gas, as well as for subsurface fresh water, since the 1950s.
Who invented seismic reflection?
John Clarence Karcher
The first reflection patent, US Patent no. 1,843,725, was filed on 1 May 1929 by John Clarence Karcher… almost 6 months after the discovery well was completed.
How does P Cable 3D seismic data work?
P Cable 3D seismic as data provides detailed horizontal imaging of fractures and faults. This figure shows polygonal faults visible as dark lines on a time slice through a P-Cable 3D cube. The data is compared with a time slice from conventional 3D marine seismic acquisition data where the faults are completely absent due to spatial aliasing.
Which is an artifact of a time slice?
Bone , Brown , and Brown have made pioneering use of of time slices in 3-D interpretation. One common artifact that is observable on time slices is the presence of horizontal striations. The pseudo-sun illumination has enhanced the streaks in Figure 7.5-3d. These striations typically are oriented along the shooting direction.
How are time slices used to trace faults?
Actually, in some areas with very complex structures, time slices can sometimes be used to trace faults and horizon contours. Figure 7.5-5a shows a time slice that exhibits a major fault from left to right across the survey area and a series of oblique fault blocks adjoining the major fault zone.
What was the purpose of 2D seismic surveys?
Our understanding of 2D seismic surveys – their acquisition, processing and interpretation – was extremely comprehensive. Even back then, some said it was complete – at least for the purpose of finding oil and gas.