What is breakpoint chlorination in chemistry?
Breakpoint chlorination is a technique used to remove combined chlorine by adding free available chlorine. To reach breakpoint, sufficient chlorine must be added to the pool to raise the free available chlorine level to 10 times the amount of combined chlorine.
What happens at breakpoint of chlorination?
Breakpoint chlorination removes combined chlorine by adding available chlorine. Sufficient chlorine is put into a pool to raise the free available chlorine level to 10 times the amount of combined chlorine in order to reach the breakpoint.
What is chlorination formula?
This value is the product of the chlorine concentration (C) and contact time (T). The formula is as follows: C*T=D. This concept shows that an increase in chlorine concentration (C) would require less contact time to achieve the same desired level of disinfection.
How many stages are in a breakpoint chlorination curve?
four different stages
Breakpoint Chlorination to Remove Ammonia The basic process of breakpoint chlorination is that chlorine reacts with ammonia in four different stages to ultimately produce nitrogen gas, hydrogen ions, chloride ions, and possibly some nitrous oxide, and some nitrate, as shown in equations 7-8 through 7-12.
How do you hit breakpoint chlorination?
The generally accepted formula for breakpoint chlorination is 10x the level of Chloramines in the pool to reach the breakpoint threshold. For example, if your tested level of CC is 0.5 ppm, you would add enough shock to reach 5.0 ppm – and if your CC is 1.2 ppm, you would shock the pool to a level of 12.0 ppm.
What is breakpoint chlorination in environmental engineering?
Breakpoint chlorination is the point where the demand for chlorine has been fully satisfied in terms of chlorine addition to water. When chlorine is added to water, a reaction is produced in the compounds present in the water.
How does breakpoint chlorination remove ammonia?
Breakpoint chlorination (also known as super-chlorination or shock-chlorination) is one of the essential treatment techniques for the removal of ammonia in raw water. Ammonia, when in contact with chlorine, will react rapidly to form chloramines. Chlorine will first react with NH3 to form monochloramine (NH2Cl).
How do you calculate chlorine solution?
If one is using commercially available dry powder chlorine, use the following formula to calculate the amount (in grams) of dry powder required to make 0.5% chlorine solution: Grams/litre = [% dilute/% concentrate] x 1000.
What is chlorination Class 8?
Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to water. This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water. In particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
How do you calculate breakpoint chlorination?
The breakpoint chlorination value is 10 times the combined chlorine (CC) level. For example: 0.8 ppm (CC) from the above example × 10 = 8 ppm of chlorine to achieve breakpoint.
How is total chlorine calculated?
The first option for testing uses a liquid chemical OTO (orthotolidine) that causes a color change to yellow in the presence of total chlorine. You simply fill a tube with water, add 1-5 drops of the solution, and look for the color change.
At what pH is chlorine most effective?
With a pH level of 6.0 your chlorine will be highly effective with 97% of your chlorine available to kill bacteria and algae. However, at 6.0 your pool water would be extremely acidic and unsafe to swim in. On the flip side, if you pH is at 8.5 only 9% of your chlorine will be available to kill bacteria and algae.
How does breakpoint chlorination remove combined chlorine?
Breakpoint chlorination removes combined chlorine by adding available chlorine. Sufficient chlorine is put into a pool to raise the free available chlorine level to 10 times the amount of combined chlorine in order to reach the breakpoint. Combined chlorine is available chlorine that has combined with wastes containing nitrogen or ammonia.
What is the reaction of chlorine to water?
Breakpoint chlorination method is to add certain amount of chlorine gas or sodium hypochlorite into the wastewater to oxidize NH 4+ to N 2. The reaction is as follows: Chlorine reacts with water: (8.10) Cl 2 + H 2 O = HOCl + H + + Cl −
How is the amount of combined chlorine used determined?
The following equation is used to determine the amount of combined chlorine present: Breakpoint chlorination removes combined chlorine by adding available chlorine. Sufficient chlorine is put into a pool to raise the free available chlorine level to 10 times the amount of combined chlorine in order to reach the breakpoint.
What happens when you subtract free chlorine from the test?
Most test kits measure free and total chlorine, so you simply subtract: To eliminate combined chlorine, it takes a surge of chlorine, called hyperchlorination (or shocking) to overcome the load. The conventional wisdom in the pool business is a shock of 10x your combined chlorine level in additional free chlorine.