What is total ophthalmoplegia?
Total ophthalmoplegia is defined as total paralysis of all the muscles of the eye, which in turn results in ptosis, immobility of the eye, dilated non reacting pupil and total loss of accommodation.
What is the internal ophthalmoplegia?
Internal ophthalmoplegia means paralysis of the intrinsic (internal) eye muscles that control pupil size and accommodation (focusing). Total ophthalmoplegia indicates loss of function of all eye muscles, both internal and external.
What causes internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is a disorder of eye movements caused by a lesion in an area of the brain called the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). The most common causes of INO are multiple sclerosis and brainstem infarction.
What nystagmus means?
Nystagmus is an involuntary rhythmic side-to-side, up and down or circular motion of the eyes that occurs with a variety of conditions.
What is bilateral ophthalmoplegia?
Bilateral ophthalmoplegia is defined as limitation of eye movement of both eyes and in both horizontal and vertical directions. We excluded pa- tients with isolated gaze paresis, bilateral abducens pal- sies, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and unilateral third nerve lesions.
Is nystagmus an ophthalmoplegia?
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is an ocular movement disorder caused by a lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. It is characterized by impaired adduction of the ipsilateral eye with nystagmus of the abducting eye.
What causes nystagmus in internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
This is thought to be a compensatory response to overcome the weakness of the adducting eye explained by Herring’s law of equal innervation. Increased innervations to the medial rectus muscle are accompanied by an increase in innervation to its yoke muscle, the contralateral lateral rectus, resulting in nystagmus.
What does ophthalmoplegia feel like?
What are the symptoms of ophthalmoplegia? People affected by ophthalmoplegia may have double or blurred vision. They may also experience an inability to position the eyes in sync. Some may also have a hard time moving both eyes in every direction, and many will have drooping of their eyelids.
Can MS cause ophthalmoplegia?
Ocular motility disorders A common form of ocular motility disorder in MS is internuclear ophthalmoplegia, which is estimated to affect more than 20 % of patients (12).
What are the different types of nystagmus?
The two major types of nystagmus are jerk nystagmus and pendular nystagmus. Jerk nystagmus — Jerk nystagmus is subdivided by trajectory and the conditions under which it occurs (table 1). Some forms are always present, even when the eyes are in the primary position.
Where can I find information on ataxia with nystagmus?
Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on Episodic ataxia with nystagmus. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine.
What are the neurologic features of ophthalmoplegia?
Affected individuals usually show global developmental delay or developmental regression, hypotonia, ataxia, dystonia, and ophthalmologic abnormalities, such as nystagmus or optic atrophy. The neurologic features are associated with the classic findings of T2-weighted hyperintensities in the basal ganglia and/or brainstem on brain imaging.
Which is the most common form of episodic ataxia?
Summary. Episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) is the most frequent form of Hereditary episodic ataxia (EA; see this term) characterized by paroxysmal episodes of ataxia lasting hours, with interictal nystagmus and mildly progressive ataxia.
What are the symptoms of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2?
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, including nystagmus, slow saccadic eye movements, and in some individuals, ophthalmoparesis or parkinsonism. Pyramidal findings are present; deep tendon reflexes are brisk early on and absent later in the course.